Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction for repetition mode within single user, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications

ABSTRACT

Selective processing of one or more packets to be transmitted from a wireless communication device to another wireless communication device is effective to reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmission. The one or more packets are transmitted via two or more sub-bands of an available transmission medium. The number of coefficients or factors within that sequence corresponds to the number of sub-bands via which the one or more packets are to be transmitted. Also, a phase ramp or time-domain cyclic shift may be added to one or more of the packets after having undergone multiplication by one of the coefficients or factors within the sequence.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS ProvisionalPriority Claims

The present U.S. Utility Patent Application claims priority pursuant to35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications,which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety andmade part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for allpurposes:

1. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/699,045, entitled “Peak toaverage power ratio (PAPR) reduction for repetition mode within singleuser, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wirelesscommunications,” filed Sep. 10, 2012, pending.

2. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/750,280, entitled “Peak toaverage power ratio (PAPR) reduction for repetition mode within singleuser, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wirelesscommunications,” filed Jan. 8, 2013, pending.

3. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/774,801, entitled “Peak toaverage power ratio (PAPR) reduction for repetition mode within singleuser, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wirelesscommunications,” filed Mar. 8, 2013, pending.

4. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/809,656, entitled “Peak toaverage power ratio (PAPR) reduction for repetition mode within singleuser, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wirelesscommunications,” filed Apr. 8, 2013, pending.

5. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/842,601, entitled “Peak toaverage power ratio (PAPR) reduction for repetition mode within singleuser, multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMO wirelesscommunications,” filed Jul. 3, 2013, pending.

Continuation-in-part (CIP) Priority Claim, 35 U.S.C. §120

The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority pursuant to35 U.S.C. §120, as a continuation-in-part (CIP), to the following U.S.Utility Patent Application, which is hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utilitypatent application for all purposes:

1. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/454,033, entitled “Devicecoexistence within single user, multiple user, multiple access, and/orMIMO wireless communications,” filed on Mar. 23, 2012, pending, whichclaims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to the following U.S.Provisional Patent Applications which are hereby incorporated herein byreference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. UtilityPatent Application for all purposes:

1.1. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/478,537, entitled“Preamble for use within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMOwireless communications,” filed Apr. 24, 2011, now expired.

1.2. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/493,577, entitled“Preamble for use within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMOwireless communications,” filed Jun. 6, 2011, now expired.

1.3. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/496,153, entitled“Preamble for use within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMOwireless communications,” filed Jun. 13, 2011, now expired.

1.4. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/501,239, entitled“Preamble for use within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMOwireless communications,” filed Jun. 26, 2011, now expired.

1.5. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/507,955, entitled“Preamble for use within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMOwireless communications,” filed Jul. 14, 2011, now expired.

1.6. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/512,363, entitled“Preamble for use within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMOwireless communications,” filed Jul. 27, 2011, now expired.

1.7. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/522,608, entitled“Preamble for use within multiple user, multiple access, and/or MIMOwireless communications,” filed Aug. 11, 2011, now expired.

1.8. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/542,602, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed Oct. 3, 2011, now expired.

1.9. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/561,722, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed Nov. 18, 2011, now expired.

1.10. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/577,597, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed Dec. 19, 2011, now expired.

1.11. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/584,142, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed Jan. 6, 2012, now expired.

1.12. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/592,514, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed Jan. 30, 2012, now expired.

1.13. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/595,616, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed Feb. 6, 2012, now expired.

1.14. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/598,293, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed Feb. 13, 2012, now expired.

1.15. U.S. Provisional Patent App. Ser. No. 61/602,504, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed Feb. 23, 2012, now expired.

Incorporation by Reference

The following U.S. Utility patent applications are hereby incorporatedherein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S.Utility Patent Application for all purposes:

1. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/453,703, entitled“Preamble for use within single user, multiple user, multiple access,and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed on Apr. 23, 2012, pending.

2. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/453,998, entitled“Doppler adaptation using pilot patterns within single user, multipleuser, multiple access, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed onApr. 23, 2012, pending.

3. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/454,010, entitled “Longtraining field (LTF) for use within single user, multiple user, multipleaccess, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed on Apr. 23, 2012,pending.

4. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/454,021, entitled “Shorttraining field (STF) for use within single user, multiple user, multipleaccess, and/or MIMO wireless communications,” filed on Apr. 23, 2012,pending.

5. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/454,033, entitled “Devicecoexistence within single user, multiple user, multiple access, and/orMIMO wireless communications,” filed on Apr. 23, 2012, pending.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field The present disclosure relates generally tocommunication systems; and, more particularly, to repetition modesignaling within wireless communication systems including those havinglong range and low rate wireless links.

2. Description of Related Art

Communication systems support wireless and wire lined communicationsbetween wireless and/or wire lined communication devices. The systemscan range from national and/or international cellular telephone systems,to the Internet, to point-to-point in-home wireless networks and canoperate in accordance with one or more communication standards. Forexample, wireless communication systems may operate in accordance withone or more standards including, but not limited to, IEEE 802.11x (wherex may be various extensions such as a, b, n, g, etc.), Bluetooth,advanced mobile phone services (AMPS), digital AMPS, global system formobile communications (GSM), etc., and/or variations thereof.

In some instances, wireless communication is made between a transmitter(TX) and receiver (RX) using single-input-single-output (SISO)communication. Another type of wireless communication issingle-input-multiple-output (SIMO) in which a single TX processes datainto RF signals that are transmitted to a RX that includes two or moreantennae and two or more RX paths.

Yet an alternative type of wireless communication ismultiple-input-single-output (MISO) in which a TX includes two or moretransmission paths that each respectively converts a correspondingportion of baseband signals into RF signals, which are transmitted viacorresponding antennae to a RX. Another type of wireless communicationis multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) in which a TX and RX eachrespectively includes multiple paths such that a TX parallel processesdata using a spatial and time encoding function to produce two or morestreams of data and a RX receives the multiple RF signals via multipleRX paths that recapture the streams of data utilizing a spatial and timedecoding function.

In some instances, signals transmitted between devices can varysignificantly in terms of magnitude and power as a function of time.When this happens, a receiver device may have difficulty in performinggain control and other functions required to process a received signalproperly. For example, a wireless device's analog front end (AFE) mayinclude functionality to perform automatic gain control (AGC) toaccommodate a signal whose magnitude or power varies over time. However,when such variation is extreme, many receiver devices cannot properlytrack the signal to perform error-free processing of it.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating one or more embodiments of a wirelesscommunication system.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a number of wirelesscommunication devices, some operative as smart meter stations (SMSTAs).

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of communication betweenwireless communication devices.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of processing to reduce peakto average power ratio (PAPR) within a transmission that includes thepacket.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating another example of processing to reducePAPR within a transmission that includes one or more packets.

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example of a signal undergoingmultiplication by a sequence to reduce the signal's PAPR.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating an example of a signal undergoingmultiplication by a sequence to reduce the signal's PAPR.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method forexecution by one or more wireless communication devices.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method forexecution by one or more wireless communication devices.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating one or more embodiments of a wirelesscommunication system 100. The wireless communication system 100 includesbase stations and/or access points 112-116, wireless communicationdevices 118-132 (e.g., devices that include wireless stations (STAs),stand-alone wireless stations, and/or smart meter stations (SMSTAs)),and a network hardware component 134. The wireless communication devices118-132 may be laptop computers, or tablets, 118 and 126, personaldigital assistant 120 and 130, personal computer 124 and 132 and/orcellular telephone 122 and 128. The details of an embodiment of suchwireless communication devices are described in greater detail withreference to FIG. 2.

The base stations (BSs) or access points (APs) 112-116 are operablycoupled to the network hardware 134 via local area network connections136, 38, and 140. The network hardware 134, which may be a router,switch, bridge, modem, system controller, etc., provides a wide areanetwork connection 142 for the communication system 100. Each of thebase stations or access points 112-116 has an associated antenna orantenna array to communicate with the wireless communication devices inits area. Typically, the wireless communication devices register with aparticular base station or access point 112-114 to receive services fromthe communication system 100. For direct connections (i.e.,point-to-point communications), wireless communication devicescommunicate directly via an allocated channel

It is preferable to minimize the variation of magnitude or power ofsignals transmitted between the various devices (e.g., between wirelesscommunication devices 118-132 themselves and/or the BSs or APs 112-116).One way to measure variation of a signal is peak to average power ratio(PAPR). PAPR is the ratio between the average power of a signal to thepeak of that signal over some period of time. Generally, having arelatively minimize PAPR will provide for a higher likelihood oferror-free, or acceptably low error, communications between devices.

In some instances, a given wireless device transmits a signal via two ormore sub-bands of an available transmission medium (e.g., a wirelesschannel, a set of wireless channels, an allocated frequency band, or, assometimes may be referred to as available bandwidth). This signal mayinclude a packet and a repetition or duplicate of that packet (e.g.,using a repetition signaling scheme) such that the packet is transmittedvia a first sub-band and its duplicate is transmitted via a secondsub-band. Considering one example of a modulation and coding scheme(MCS) employed wireless communication systems (e.g., wireless local areanetworks (WLANs), MCS0 rep2 (also understood as MCS10) operates totransmit a given packet within two respective sub-bands (e.g., tworespective sub-bands having 1 MHz bandwidth each). Unfortunately,transmitting packets in this matter can sometimes result in a relativelylarge PAPR and reduce the likelihood that a receiver device willproperly process the signal.

In one approach to minimize the PAPR, each sub-band is multiplied by aconstant coefficient or factor drawn out of the set {1, −1, j, −j}. Forexample, if the transmission is made using 2 sub-bands, then 2coefficients or factors are drawn out of the set. In another example, ifthe transmission is made using 16 sub-bands, then 16 coefficients orfactors are drawn out of the set. There may be instances in which morethan one sub-band is multiplied by the same constant coefficient orfactor drawn from the set. The group of coefficients or factors drawnout of the set may be viewed as a sequence that multiplies the variouspackets to be transmitted via the multiple sub-bands. For example, whentwo packets (e.g., the second packet may be a duplicate of the other)are to be transmitted via two sub-bands, then a two coefficient vectoris used to multiply the packets. Alternatively, considering an examplein which four packets are to be transmitted via for sub-bands, then afour coefficient vector is used about by the packets. Considering such avector, the first vector element multiplies the packet to be transmittedvia the first sub-band, the second vector element multiplies the packetto be transmitted via the second sub-band, and so on. Generally, anysized vector may be employed to multiply the various packets to betransmitted via respective sub-bands. Note also that a given coefficientor factor drawn out of the set mentioned above may occur more than oncein any such sequence.

In another approach, in addition to performing the multiplication usinga sequence as described above, a phase ramp may be added on a subset ofthe various sub-bands. In the time domain, such a phase ramp may beviewed as a cyclic shift (e.g., a cyclic shift delay (CSD)) to beapplied to one or more, but less than all, of the packets to betransmitted via the sub-bands. A phase ramp or time domain cyclic shiftbreaks the repetition associated with the duplication or repetitionsignaling by a slight time cyclic shift. This can further assist areceiver device to perform accurate receipt and processing of a signaltransmitted via multiple sub-bands. Note also that the use of a phaseramp or time domain cyclic shift will not adversely impact packetclassification as may be classification performed within WLAN systems.For example, certain WLANs include devices compliant with differentrespective communication protocols (e.g., a relatively newer protocoland a legacy or prior protocol). Also, certain communication protocolsmay include more than one preamble type (e.g., one protocol may employtwo or more preamble types). Within such situations, a device may needto discriminate between packets of different preamble types as well aspackets associated with different communication protocols. For example,long training field (LTF) classification may be used within a givencommunication protocol to distinguish between two different preambletypes, and a phase ramp or time domain cyclic shift will not interferewith such classification.

Generally, the PAPR within transmissions made from any of the variousdevices in this diagram (e.g., wireless communication devices 118-132themselves and/or the BSs or APs 112-116) may be reduced or minimizedusing one or both of these approaches described above. This can assist areceiving device's likelihood to receive and properly process signalstransmitted from other devices.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment 200 of a number ofwireless communication devices, some operative as smart meter stations(SMSTAs). The SMSTA are implemented in various locations in anenvironment including a building or structure. Some wirelesscommunication devices may be implemented to support communicationsassociated with monitoring and/or sensing of any of a variety ofdifferent conditions, parameters, etc. Such wireless communicationdevices provide such sensed/monitored information to one or more otherwireless communication devices (e.g., from the SMSTAs to an AP).

A SMSTA has communication functionality similar to a wireless station(STA) and is also operative to perform communication of monitoringand/or sensing related information. In certain applications, suchdevices may operate only very rarely. For example, when compared to theperiods of time in which such a device is in power savings mode (e.g., asleep mode, a reduced functionality operational mode a lowered poweroperational mode, etc.), the operational periods of time may beminiscule in comparison (e.g., only a few percentage of the periods oftime in which the device is in such a power savings mode).

An SMSTA may awaken from such a power savings mode only to performcertain operations. For example, such a device may awaken from such apower savings mode to perform sensing and/or measurement of one or moreparameters, conditions, constraints, etc. During such an operationalperiod (e.g., in which the device is not in a power savings mode), thedevice may transmit such information to another wireless communicationdevice (e.g., an access point (AP), another SMSTA, a wireless station(STA), or such an SMSTA or STA operating as an AP, etc.).

In an SMSTA environment, multiple respective wireless communicationdevices (e.g., SMSTAs) can be implemented to forward monitoring and/orsensing related information to one particular wireless communicationdevice that operates as a manager, coordinator, etc. such as may beimplemented by an access point (AP) or a wireless station (STA)operating as an AP. Such SMSTAs may be implemented to perform any of anumber of data forwarding, monitoring and/or sensing operations. Forexample, in the context of a building or structure, there may be anumber of services that are provided to that building or structure,including natural gas service, electrical service, television service,Internet service, etc. Alternatively, different respective monitorsand/or sensors may be implemented throughout the environment to performmonitoring and/or sensing related to parameters not specifically relatedto services. As some examples, motion detection, door ajar detection,temperature measurement (and/or other atmospheric and/or environmentalmeasurements), etc. may be performed by different respective monitorsand/or sensors implemented in various locations and for variouspurposes. Communications from SMSTAs may be very important and yetperformed quite infrequently.

Currently developing protocols/standards adapted for such meteringapplications are intended for long range and low rate applicationsoperating in the worldwide spectrum below 1 GHz. The available spectrumin each country differs and requires flexible design to accommodatedifferent options, and such long range and low rate applications aredesigned to accommodate longer delay spreads which can be associatedwith lower data rate applications.

Within such metering applications, failure to receive or properlyprocess a received signal can be very problematic. Within such meteringapplications, many of the metering/sensing devices only transmit to themanager/coordinator device occasionally. The information transmitted canbe highly valuable (e.g., items of revenue metering, systemmodification, safety-related concerns, etc.). If a given transmissionfrom a given metering/sensing device is not properly received andprocessed by the manager-coordinator device, it may be a relatively longperiod of time before that same metering/sensing device transmitssubsequent information. The overall performance of such a system cansuffer significantly when information is not received by themanager/coordinator device.

A metering/sensing device may multiply one or more packets by a sequence(e.g., that includes two or more constant coefficients or factors drawnout of the set {1, −1, j, −j}) to generate two or more packets having anoverall reduced or minimized PAPR. The metering/sensing device thentransmits the two or more resulting packets (after undergoingmultiplication by the sequence) are then transmitted respectively viatwo or more sub-bands. For example, a first packet is transmitted via afirst sub-band, a second packet is transmitted via a second sub-band,and so on. This can increase the likelihood that the manager-coordinatordevice will properly receive and be able to process a transmission thatincludes those one or more packets.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example 300 of communication betweenwireless communication devices. A wireless communication device 310(e.g., which may be any one of devices 118-132 as with reference toFIG. 1) is in communication with another wireless communication device390 via a transmission medium. The wireless communication device 310includes a communication interface 320 to perform transmitting andreceiving of one or more frames (e.g., using a transmitter 322 and areceiver 324). The wireless communication device 310 also includes aprocessor 330, and an associated memory 340, to execute variousoperations including interpreting one or more frames transmitted towireless communication device 390 and/or received from the wirelesscommunication device 390. The wireless communication devices 310 and 390may be implemented using one or more integrated circuits in accordancewith any desired configuration or combination or components, modules,etc. within one or more integrated circuits.

The device 310's processor 330 is configured to generate a packet fortransmission to device 390. This transmission is made via a number ofsub-bands of an available transmission medium. In one example, thesub-bands each have a bandwidth of approximately 1 MHz. Generally, anydesired channelization of the available transmission medium into two ormore sub-bands may be performed. The processor 330 also operates tomultiply the packet by a sequence to generate two or more packets. Thesequence includes two or more constant coefficients or factors drawn outof the set {1, −1, j, −j}; and appropriately selected sequence operatesto reduce or minimize PAPR among the two or more packets. Thecommunication interface 320 is configured to transmit the two or morepackets (e.g., via a continuous time signal generated from or based onthe two more packets) respectively via the two or more sub-bands.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of processing to reduce peakto average power ratio (PAPR) within a transmission that includes thepacket. A packet undergoes multiplication by a sequence that includestwo respective values therein. The sequence of this diagram is shown asincluding values V1 and V2, which may be drawn out of the set {1, −1, j,−j} or other set. The multiplication generates two packets shown aspacket′ and packet″. When the multiplication value is 1, then theresulting packet is the same as before undergoing multiplication. Thefirst packet, packet′, is transmitted via a first sub-band within anavailable transmission medium, and the second packet, packet″, istransmitted via a second sub-band within the available transmissionmedium. In certain instances, a phase ramp or time-domain cyclic shiftis added to one of the two packets resulting from multiplication. Thisdiagram shows a time-domain cyclic shift that may be added to the secondpacket, packet″.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating another example of processing to reducePAPR within a transmission that includes one or more packets. A numberof packets (e.g., packet 1, 2, up to n) undergo multiplication by asequence that includes n respective values therein. Any one of thepackets may be a duplicate of another one of the packets such as inaccordance with repetition or duplicate mode signaling (e.g., DUPtransmission mode). The sequence of this diagram is shown as includingvalues V1, V2, and so on up to Vn. The values of the sequence are drawnout of the set {1, −1, j, −j}.

The multiplication of the various packets 1-n generates n packets shownas packet 1′, packet 2, up to packet n′. Packet 1′ is transmitted via afirst sub-band. Packet 2′ is transmitted via a second sub-band. Thisprocess continues for any other intervening packets until packet n′ istransmitted via an n-th sub-band. In some examples, a phase ramp ortime-domain cyclic shift is added to one or more of the packetsresulting from multiplication. This diagram shows how differentrespective time-domain cyclic shifts may be added to any subset of thepackets 1′-n′ (e.g., such that x time-domain cyclic shifts may be addedto x packets, which is fewer than n of the packets 1′-n′).

Efficient Implementation

Cyclic shift delay (CSD) may be performed using multiplication in thefrequency domain and can burden cheap sensor type implementations (e.g.,smart meter stations (SMSTAs) of relatively low complexity orsophistication). CSD means multiplication by a factor exp(j2πΔfkτ) ore^((j2πΔfkτ)), where k runs on tone number, Δf is the tone spacing and τis the CSD value.

A novel alternative implementation of the 1 MHz DUP mode signal thatdoesn't require multiplication is presented here. One example operateson a 2 MHz signal channel (e.g., a transmission medium having a 2 MHzbandwidth) case (e.g., 1 MHz sub-band that is duplicated twice).Extensions to higher widths channels of higher BWs are possible and canbe implemented straightforwardly as the reader will understand.

Various aspects, embodiments, and/or their equivalents, of the inventionmay be implemented such that CSD can be easily implemented in the timedomain as a cyclic shift and adding a frequency shifted 1 MHz signal canalso be implemented in the time domain in a simple way since 1 MHzfrequency shift corresponds to a multiplication by a sequence ofalternating +/−1 signs for a signal sampled at 2 MHz.

The following mathematical formulation shows the equivalency of the twomethods. On the left hand side is the traditional way of generating a 1MHz Dup mode when a subset (e.g., one half) adds a CSD as proposedherein. The IFFT works on 64 tones, the right hand side is duplicatingthe left hand side 32 values and multiplies by the cyclic shift value.Alternatively, the signal A is generated which is a 64 size IFFT of justthe 32 data tones and then create the second part by frequency shiftingto create signal B and then apply a cyclic shift in the time domain tocreate signal C. Note that 1 μs (micro-seconds) corresponds in this caseto n=2.

IFFT([data(1:32)data(1:32)×exp(j2πΔf(1:32)τ)])=A+C

A=IFFT([data(1:32)data(1:32)])

B=A×[1, −1, 1, −1, . . . ]

C=B([n+1:64, 1:n])

As may be understood, with respect to the use of B, this is not really amultiplication (e.g., it just really changes the sign and effectivelyshifts by 1 MHz). A frequency shift in the frequency domain may beachieved with relatively low complexity and effort. Also, the value Ccorresponds to the actual cyclical shift.

Presented is a proposal of CSD levels of [0, −1] μsec and [0, −1, 0, −1]μsec for 2 MHz and 4 MHz DUP transmission modes respectively on top ofthe 11ac rotation sequences in order to reduce DATA PAPR. As may beunderstood, this mode can be used for range extension where very lowpower amplifier (PA) backoff is desirable (e.g., reduction of the poweramplification within a PA, such as implemented within an analog frontend (AFE) of a communication device).

Presented is a proposal of CSD levels of [0, −1, 0, −1, 0, −1, 0, −1]μsec for 8 MHz DUP transmission mode on top of a modified rotationsequences as follows [1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1] in order to reduce DATA PAPR.An alternative for 8 MHz is [1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1], which may provide forbetter or best performance.

Presented is a proposal of CSD levels of [0, −1, 0, −1, 0, −1, 0, −1, 0,−1, 0, −1, 0, −1, 0, −1] μsec for 16 MHz DUP transmission mode on top ofa modified rotation sequences as follows [1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 −1 311 −1 1 −1 −1] in order to reduce DATA PAPR.

Specifically for 2 MHz DUP Transmission Modes:

In one example, CSD levels of [0, −1] μsec and [0, −1, 0, −1] μsec for 4MHz and 8 MHz DUP transmission modes are respectively added on top ofthe 11ac rotation sequences in order to reduce DATA PAPR.

In another example, CSD levels of [0, −1, 0, −1, 0, −1, 0, −1] μsec for16 MHz DUP transmission mode are respectively added on top of a modifiedrotation sequences as follows [1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1] in order to reduceDATA PAPR.

Presented also is a proposal of a new STF sequence with 1 dB PAPR toreplace the STF sequence used for 1 MHz transmission.

DUP Modes PAPR Analysis and Metric

A signal generated using repetition or duplication signaling (e.g., aDUP signal generated using DUP transmission mode) may be written as atime domain vector product (e.g., with 4 reps) of two terms. As anexample, this equation shows a signal duplicated 4 times:

IFFT([Xc ₁ Xc ₂ Xc ₃ X])=Y[1+c ₁exp(j2πnΔf/F _(s))+c ₂exp(j2πn 2Δf/F_(s))+c ₃exp(j2πn3Δf/F _(s))]]

where X is the frequency domain duplicated signal, coefficients c_(i)(i.e., c₁, c₂, etc.) are used to reduce the PAPR. Without loss ofgenerality, the first coefficient is 1. The term Δf is the frequencyoffset between the duplicated parts (e.g., 1 MHz sub-bands in the caseof 1 MHz DUP). The term F_(s) is the oversampling frequency (e.g.,typically at least 4× of the bandwidth of the signal channel, such as atleast 16 MHz in the case of 4 MHz). The term Y represents theoversampled time domain signal of the basic signal X, and n runs onsamples.

Note that this representation is comprised of a random signal Y which isindependent of a second term that is a weighted sum of complex signals.This means that optimal coefficients will most likely be independent ofthe underlying signal X (1 MHz DUP, 2 MHz DUP or any other signal)provided that the signal is truly random.

Of particular interest is the PAPR of the product signal P_(r)(Y[. . .]>Th). Due to the independency of the two terms, focus can be made forcoefficients that minimize the variation (PAPR) of the complex signalsbecause that will lead to reduced PAPR of the product. Various metricscan be used to measure the variability of the signal below such as PAPRor standard deviation.

[1+c ₁exp(j2πnΔf/F _(s))+c ₂exp(j2πn2Δf/F _(s))+c ₃exp(j2πn3Δf/F _(s))]

FIG. 6A is a diagram illustrating an example 601 of a signal undergoingmultiplication by a sequence to reduce the signal's PAPR. A signal thatincludes two packets to be transmitted via two sub-bands has a firstPAPR. Multiplication of that signal by an appropriately selectedsequence (e.g., values V1 and V2 drawn out of the set {1, −1, j, −j}) iseffective to reduce the PAPR to a second value that is relatively lessthan the first PAPR.

FIG. 6B is a diagram illustrating an example 602 of a signal undergoingmultiplication by a sequence to reduce the signal's PAPR. A signal thatincludes n packets to be transmitted via n sub-bands has a first PAPR.Multiplication of that signal by an appropriately selected sequence(e.g., values V1, V2, up to Vn drawn out of the set {1, −1, j, −j}) iseffective to reduce the PAPR to a second value that is relatively lessthan the first PAPR.

Generally, any desired number of packets may be transmitted via that anydesired number of sub-bands. When operating using a repetition orduplicate mode of signaling, an appropriately selected sequence iseffective to reduce the PAPR of a transmission composed of those packetsto be transmitted via those sub-bands.

FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a method forexecution by one or more wireless communication devices. Method 700begins by generating a packet (e.g., using a processor within a wirelesscommunication device), as shown in a block 710. The method 700 continuesby multiplying the packet by a sequence to generate multiple packets(e.g., 2 packets), as shown in a block 720.

The method 700 then operates by transmitting a first of the multiplepackets via a first sub-band of an available transmission medium, asshown in a block 730. The method 700 continues by transmitting a secondof the multiple packets via a second sub-band of the availabletransmission medium, as shown in a block 740.

FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating another embodiment of a method forexecution by one or more wireless communication devices. Method 701begins by generating a packet (e.g., using a processor within a wirelesscommunication device), as shown in a block 711. The method 701 continuesby multiplying the packet by a sequence to generate multiple packets, asshown in a block 721. The method 701 then operates by adding atime-domain cyclic shift to subset (e.g., one or more and less thanfewer of all) of the multiple packets, as shown in a block 731. Themethod 701 continues by transmitting the multiple packets (including anyshifted packets) respectively via multiple respective sub-bands of theavailable transmission medium, as shown in a block 741.

It is noted that the various operations and functions described withinvarious methods herein may be performed within a wireless communicationdevice (e.g., such as by the processor 330 and communication interface320 as described with reference to FIG. 3 and/or other componentstherein). Generally, a communication interface and processor in awireless communication device can perform such operations.

Examples of some components may include one of more baseband processingmodules, one or more media access control (MAC) layers, one or morephysical layers (PHYs), and/or other components, etc. For example, sucha baseband processing module (sometimes in conjunction with a radio,analog front end (AFE), etc.) can generate such signals, frames, etc. asdescribed herein as well as perform various operations described hereinand/or their respective equivalents.

In some embodiments, such a baseband processing module and/or aprocessing module (which may be implemented in the same device orseparate devices) can perform such processing to generate signals fortransmission to another wireless communication device using any numberof radios and antennae. In some embodiments, such processing isperformed cooperatively by a processor in a first device and anotherprocessor within a second device. In other embodiments, such processingis performed wholly by a processor within one device.

The present invention has been described herein with reference to atleast one embodiment. Such embodiment(s) of the present invention havebeen described with the aid of structural components illustratingphysical and/or logical components and with the aid of method stepsillustrating the performance of specified functions and relationshipsthereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocksand method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience ofdescription. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so longas the specified functions and relationships are appropriatelyperformed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus withinthe scope and spirit of the claims that follow. Further, the boundariesof these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined forconvenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined aslong as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed.Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily definedherein to illustrate certain significant functionality. To the extentused, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have beendefined otherwise and still perform the certain significantfunctionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional buildingblocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scopeand spirit of the claimed invention. One of average skill in the artwill also recognize that the functional building blocks, and otherillustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implementedas illustrated or by discrete components, application specificintegrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and thelike or any combination thereof.

As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module,” “processingcircuit,” “processing circuitry,” and/or “processing unit” may be asingle processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such aprocessing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digitalsignal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, fieldprogrammable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logiccircuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device thatmanipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of thecircuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module,module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit may be, or furtherinclude, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be asingle memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embeddedcircuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit,and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory,random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, staticmemory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any devicethat stores digital information. Note that if the processing module,module, processing circuit, and/or processing unit includes more thanone processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located(e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless busstructure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing viaindirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network).Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit,and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via astate machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logiccircuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the correspondingoperational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, thecircuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digitalcircuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memoryelement may store, and the processing module, module, processingcircuit, and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operationalinstructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/orfunctions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memorydevice or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.

As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately”provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding termand/or relativity between items. Such an industry-accepted toleranceranges from less than one percent to fifty percent and corresponds to,but is not limited to, component values, integrated circuit processvariations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, and/or thermalnoise. Such relativity between items ranges from a difference of a fewpercent to magnitude differences. As may also be used herein, theterm(s) “configured to”, “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or“coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirectcoupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes,but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or amodule) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening itemdoes not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its currentlevel, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein,inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another elementby inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items inthe same manner as “coupled to”. As may even further be used herein, theterm “configured to”, “operable to”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupledto” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections,input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more itscorresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to oneor more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term“associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separateitems and/or one item being embedded within another item.

Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/orbetween elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein maybe analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-endedor differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as asingle-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path.Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it alsorepresents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particulararchitectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise beimplemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, directconnectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between otherelements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.

The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of theembodiments. A module includes a processing module, a functional block,hardware, and/or software stored on memory for performing one or morefunctions as may be described herein. Note that, if the module isimplemented via hardware, the hardware may operate independently and/orin conjunction with software and/or firmware. As also used herein, amodule may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one ormore modules.

While particular combinations of various functions and features of theone or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, othercombinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. Thepresent disclosure of an invention is not limited by the particularexamples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these othercombinations.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wireless communication device comprising: aprocessor configured to: generate a packet for transmission to arecipient wireless communication device via a wireless transmissionmedium partitioned into a plurality of sub-bands; and multiply thepacket by a sequence to generate a set of packets, wherein the sequenceis effective to reduce or minimize peak to average power ratio (PAPR) ofthe set of packets; and a communication interface configured to transmitat least some of the set of packets respectively via at least some ofthe plurality of sub-bands.
 2. The wireless communication device ofclaim 1, wherein the communication interface is further configured to:transmit a first packet of the set of packets via a first sub-band ofthe at least some of the plurality of sub-bands; and transmit a secondpacket of the set of packets via a second sub-band of the at least someof the plurality of sub-bands, wherein the first and second sub-bandshave a common bandwidth.
 3. The wireless communication device of claim1, wherein the processor is further configured to add a time domaincyclic shift to a subset of the set of packets before the at least someof the set of packets undergo transmission via the communicationinterface.
 4. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein theprocessor is further configured to multiply another packet by thesequence to generate another set of packets; and the communicationinterface is further configured to transmit at least some of the otherset of packets respectively via the at least some of the plurality ofsub-bands.
 5. The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein thesequence includes at least two coefficients selected from a set thatincludes 1, −1, j, and −j.
 6. The wireless communication device of claim1, wherein the transmission medium is partitioned into a plurality ofeight sub-bands and the sequence includes an eight coefficient vector[1, 1, −1, −1, −1, −1, 1, −1] configured to generate eight packets. 7.The wireless communication device of claim 1, wherein the transmissionmedium is partitioned into a plurality of sixteen sub-bands and thesequence includes a sixteen coefficient vector [1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −11 −1 1 1 −1 1] configured to generate sixteen packets.
 8. The wirelesscommunication device of claim 1 further comprising: circuitry tofunction as an access point (AP), wherein the recipient wirelesscommunication device includes a wireless station (STA) or a smart meterstation (SMSTA).
 9. A wireless communication device comprising: aprocessor configured to: generate a packet for transmission to arecipient wireless communication device via a transmission mediumpartitioned into a plurality of sub-bands of substantially same size;multiply the packet by a sequence, that includes at least twocoefficients selected from a set that includes 1, −1, j, and −j, togenerate a set of packets, wherein the sequence is effective to reduceor minimize peak to average power ratio (PAPR) among the set of packets;and add a time domain cyclic shift to a subset of the set of packets togenerate a modified subset of packets; and a communication interfaceconfigured to: transmit a first packet of the modified subset of packetsvia a first sub-band of the plurality of sub-bands; and transmit asecond packet of the modified subset of packets via a second sub-band ofthe plurality of sub-bands.
 10. The wireless communication device ofclaim 9, wherein the set of packets includes one or more even numberedpackets and one or more odd numbered packets; and the processor isfurther configured to add the time domain cyclic shift to the one ormore odd numbered packets to generate the modified subset of packets.11. The wireless communication device of claim 9, wherein thetransmission medium is partitioned into eight sub-bands and the sequenceincludes an eight coefficient vector [1, 1, −1, −1, −1, −1, 1, −1]configured to generate eight packets.
 12. The wireless communicationdevice of claim 9, wherein the transmission medium is partitioned intosixteen sub-bands and the sequence includes a sixteen coefficient vector[1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1] configured to generate sixteenpackets.
 13. The wireless communication device of claim 9 furthercomprising: circuitry to function as an access point (AP), wherein therecipient wireless communication device includes a wireless station(STA) or a smart meter station (SMSTA).
 14. A method for execution by awireless communication device, the method comprising: generating apacket for transmission to a recipient wireless communication device viaa transmission medium partitioned into a plurality of sub-bands;multiplying the packet by a sequence to generate a set of packets,wherein the sequence is effective to reduce or minimize peak to averagepower ratio (PAPR) among the set of packets; and via a communicationinterface of the wireless communication device, transmitting at leastsome of the set of packets respectively via at least some of theplurality of sub-bands.
 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising,via the communication interface of the wireless communication device:transmitting a first packet of the at least some of the set of packetsvia a first sub-band of the plurality of sub-bands; and transmitting asecond packet of the at least some of the set of packets via a secondsub-band of the plurality of sub-bands, wherein the first and secondsub-bands have substantially a same size.
 16. The method of claim 14further comprising: adding a time domain cyclic shift to a subset of theset of packets before the at least some of the set of packets undergotransmission via the communication interface.
 17. The method of claim 14further comprising: multiplying another packet by the sequence togenerate another set of packets; and via the communication interface ofthe wireless communication device, transmitting the at least some of theother set of packets respectively via the at least some of the pluralityof sub-bands.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the sequence includesat least two coefficients selected from a set that includes 1, −1, j,and −j.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein the transmission medium ispartitioned into sixteen sub-bands and the sequence includes a sixteencoefficient vector [1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 −1 −1 −1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1] configured togenerate sixteen packets.
 20. The method of claim 14 further comprising:performing access point (AP) functionality to communicate with therecipient wireless communication device that is a wireless station (STA)or a smart meter station (SMSTA).